一、开关柜基本概念

　　1、 Basic concepts of switchgear

　　开关柜：制造厂根据电气主接线的要求，将一次设备（隔离开关、负荷开关、断路器、熔断器等）和二次设备（指示灯、按钮、仪表、转换开关等）按照一定的顺序安装在开启式或封闭式的金属壳体内，(并完成所有机械和电气的连接和调试）；作接受和分配电能之用的装置，称为成套开关装置，简称开关柜。

　　Switchgear: The manufacturer installs primary equipment (isolating switches, load switches, circuit breakers, fuses, etc.) and secondary equipment (indicator lights, buttons, instruments, transfer switches, etc.) in a certain order in an open or closed metal casing according to the requirements of the main electrical wiring, and completes all mechanical and electrical connections and debugging; A device used for receiving and distributing electrical energy is called a complete switchgear, abbreviated as a switchgear.

　　电气间隙：具有电位差的两个相邻导电部件之间沿空气的小距离，叫作电气间隙。

　　Electrical gap: The minimum safe distance along the air between two adjacent conductive components with a potential difference is called an electrical gap.

　　爬电距离：具有电位差的两个相邻导电部件之间沿绝缘体表面的短距离，叫作爬电距离。

　　Creepage distance: The shortest distance along the surface of an insulator between two adjacent conductive components with a potential difference, called the creepage distance.

　　电气间隙（mm） 20 10 125 300

　　Electrical clearance (mm) 20 10 125 300

　　电压等级 220/380V 10KV 35KV

　　Voltage level 220/380V 10KV 35KV

　　爬电距离（mm） 14 196 460

　　Creepage distance (mm) 14 196 460

　　保护导体：用以与裸露导电部件、外部导电部件、主接地端子、接地电极、电源的人造中性接地点连接而防止触电危险的一种防护所要求的一种导体，叫作保护导体，代号PE.

　　Protective conductor: A type of conductor required for protection against electric shock hazards, used to connect with exposed conductive parts, external conductive parts, main grounding terminals, grounding electrodes, and artificial neutral grounding points of power sources. It is called a protective conductor, code PE

　　中性保护导体：在某些系统中，同时具有中性导体（N）和保护导体（PE）功能的一种导体叫作中性保护导体，其代号为PEN.

　　Neutral protective conductor: In some systems, a conductor that has both neutral conductor (N) and protective conductor (PE) functions is called a neutral protective conductor, with the code PEN

　　开关柜正常相序及颜色：

　　Normal phase sequence and color of switchgear:

　　L3 C(W)相 下 右 前 红

　　Right front red under L3 C (W) phase

　　电源侧 负载侧名称 上下排列 左右排列 前后排列 颜色

　　Power supply side, load side, name, up and down, left and right, front and back, color

　　L1 A(U)相 上 左 后 黄

　　L1 A (U) phase left rear yellow

　　L2 B(V)相 中 中 中 绿

　　Medium green in L2 B (V) phase

　　N 零线    淡蓝

　　N neutral line light blue

　　PE 地线    黄绿双色

　　PE ground wire in yellow green dual color

　　DC 正极：赭色  负极：淡蓝色

　　DC positive electrode: reddish brown negative electrode: light blue

　　三按：按图纸、按工艺、按标准（装配依据）

　　Three presses: according to the drawings, according to the process, and according to the standards (assembly basis)

　　三检：首件必检、中间巡检和完工检查； 自检、互检和专检。

　　Three inspections: first article inspection, intermediate inspection, and completion inspection; Self inspection, mutual inspection, and specialized inspection.

　　五防：1，防止带负荷分、合隔离开关

　　Five prevention measures: 1. Prevent the opening and closing of isolation switches with load

　　2，防止误分、误合断路器、负荷开关、接触器（允许提示性）

　　2. Prevent accidental opening and closing of circuit breakers, load switches, and contactors (with prompts allowed)

　　3，防止接地开关处于闭合位置时（挂接地线时）关合断路器、负荷开关等开关

　　3. Prevent closing circuit breakers, load switches, and other switches when the grounding switch is in the closed position (when hanging the grounding wire)

　　4，防止带电时（断路器合闸时）误合接地开关（挂接地线）

　　4. Prevent accidental closing of the grounding switch (hanging grounding wire) when energized (circuit breaker closing)

　　5，防止误入带电间隔     （高压开关柜的五防连锁）

　　5. Prevent accidental entry into live compartments (five prevention interlocking of high-voltage switchgear)

　　现场维修三步（三守则）：停电、验电、挂接地线。置放警示牌。

　　Three steps for on-site maintenance (three rules): power outage, electrical inspection, and hanging grounding wire. Place safety warning signs.

　　二、电力供电

　　2、 Electric power supply

　　正弦交流电：指大小和方向都随时间按正弦规律变化的电流、电压或电动势。

　　Sinusoidal alternating current: refers to a current, voltage, or electromotive force that varies in magnitude and direction according to a sinusoidal law over time.

　　三相交流电：由三个同频率、同幅值，彼此之间有120度相位差的正弦交流电动势构成的电源，叫三相对称正弦交流电源，由三相电源及负载连接导线及控制装置组成的电路，叫三相交流电路。

　　Three phase AC power: A power source composed of three sinusoidal AC electromotive forces of the same frequency and amplitude, with a phase difference of 120 degrees between them, called a three-phase symmetrical sinusoidal AC power source. A circuit composed of three-phase power sources, load connecting wires, and control devices is called a three-phase AC circuit.

　　电力系统：由各种不同电压等级的电力线路，将发电厂、变电所、配电所和电力用户联系起来，组成发电、变电、输电、配电和用电的整体，称为电力系统。  要求：可靠持续供电；良好的电能质量；经济性，消耗少，效果高，限度的降低电能成本；限度的满足用户用电的需要。

　　Power system: It is composed of various voltage levels of power lines that connect power plants, substations, distribution stations, and power users, forming a whole of power generation, transformation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, known as the power system. Requirement: Reliable and continuous power supply; Good power quality; Economy, low consumption, high efficiency, and maximum reduction of electricity costs; Maximizing the satisfaction of users' electricity needs.

　　电力网：变、输配电所和各种不同等级的电力线路所组成的输配电系统，即连接发电厂和电力用户的中间环节，称为电力网。

　　Power grid: The transmission and distribution system composed of substations, transmission and distribution stations, and various levels of power lines, which is the intermediate link connecting power plants and power users, is called the power grid.

　　用电等级：一级：停电引起人员伤亡者，重大政治影响者，重大经济影响者；重大公共秩序混乱；二级；较大政治影响者，较大经济影响者，较大的公共场合秩序混乱；三级：不属于一级和二级的一般负荷。

　　Electricity consumption level: Level 1: Those who suffer casualties due to power outages, those with significant political impact, and those with significant economic impact; Major public disorder; Level 2; Significant political influencers, significant economic influencers, and chaotic public order; Level 3: General loads that do not belong to Level 1 or Level 2.

　　电压等级：0.22 0.38 3 6 10 35 110 220 330 550 共10级；目前1000Kv

　　Voltage level: 0.22 0.38 3 6 10 35 110 220 330 550, a total of 10 levels; Currently, the highest voltage is 1000Kv

　　为了把更多的电能输送到更远的距离，为了更多减少线路损耗，采用高压输电。每一个高压变电所下面必有更多个低等级的变配电所。成套用在末端：变、配电所或用户。

　　In order to transmit more electricity over longer distances and reduce line losses, high-voltage transmission is adopted. There must be more low-level substations under each high-voltage substation. Complete set used at the end: transformer, distribution station or user.

　　提高功率因数，释放更多电能；我国小于0.9即罚款收费。

　　Improve power factor and release more electrical energy; A fine of less than 0.9 is imposed in our country.

　　小于1kv为低压，高于1kv为高压（简单说法）

　　Less than 1kv is considered low voltage, and higher than 1kv is considered high voltage (in simple terms)

　　低压：小于1kv

　　Low voltage: less than 1kv

　　中压：6kv35kv（国外概念）

　　Medium voltage: 6kV to 35kV (foreign concept)

　　高压：35kv550kv

　　High voltage: 35kV to 550kV

　　超高压：550kv1000kv

　　Ultra high voltage: 550kV to 1000kV

　　特高压：1000kv以上

　　Ultra high voltage: above 1000kV

　　电压：低于36v正常情况下人体电阻1000欧姆，耐受电流50MA 漏电保护器一般控制在动作电流不高于30mA

　　Safe voltage: below 36V. Under normal circumstances, the human body resistance is 1000 ohms and the withstand current is 50mA. Leakage protectors are generally controlled with an operating current not exceeding 30mA

　　特殊场所应使用特低电压照明：

　　Special places should use safe ultra-low voltage lighting:

　　1） 隧道、人防工程、高温、有导电灰尘、比较潮湿或灯具离地面高度低于2.5m等场所的

　　1) Places such as tunnels, civil air defense projects, high temperatures, conductive dust, relatively humid environments, or lighting fixtures with a height of less than 2.5 meters above the ground

　　照明，电源电压不应大于36v

　　Lighting, power supply voltage should not exceed 36V

　　2） 潮湿和易触及带电体场所的照明，电源电压不得大于24v

　　2) For lighting in damp and easily accessible areas with live electrical components, the power supply voltage shall not exceed 24V

　　3）特别潮湿场所、导电良好的地面、锅炉或金属容器内的照明，电源电压不得大于12v

　　3) Lighting in particularly humid areas, well conductive floors, boilers, or metal containers must have a power supply voltage not exceeding 12v

　　短路：电源通向负载的两根导线不经过负载而相互直接接通，就发生了电源被短路的情况。短路电流比正常工作电流大的多，能导致电气设备的过热，甚烧毁电气设备，引起火灾。同时，短路电流还会产生很大的电动力，造成电气设备损坏，严重的短路事故甚还会破坏电力系统的稳定，所以对运行中的电气设备应采取一定的保护措施，如安装自动开关（断路器）、熔断器、漏电保护器等。

　　Short circuit: When two wires from the power supply to the load are directly connected without passing through the load, the power supply is short circuited. Short circuit current is much higher than normal operating current, which can cause overheating of electrical equipment, even burning electrical equipment and causing fires. At the same time, short-circuit currents can generate significant electrical forces, causing damage to electrical equipment. Severe short-circuit accidents can even disrupt the stability of the power system. Therefore, certain protective measures should be taken for electrical equipment in operation, such as installing automatic switches (circuit breakers), fuses, leakage protectors, etc.

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